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The Capture of Demerara and Essequibo was a French military expedition sent in January 1782 as part of the American Revolutionary War. In 1781, the Dutch colonies of Essequibo and Demerara were captured by a British squadron of Admiral Lord Rodney's fleet; the French took possession of these settlements, compelling British Governor Robert Kinston to surrender.[6]The peace of Paris, which occurred in 1783 restored these territories to the Dutch.[7]
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In December 1780 Great Britain declared war on the Dutch Republic, bringing it formally into the American Revolutionary War. In early 1781 a large British fleet under Admiral Lord Rodney was sent to the West Indies, and after having made some seizures in the Caribbean Islands, a squadron was detached to take possession of the colonies of Essequebo and Demerara, which was accomplished without much difficulty.[8] The governor Van Schuilenburg, having assembled his council and being aware of the want of Dutch protection, surrendered to the British, who upon taking possession found a rich booty; the quantity of produce which had accumulated from the want of shipping proving to be of great value.[9]
French naval Captain Armand Guy Simon de Coëtnempren, Comte de Kersaint, with his 32-gun flagship Iphigénie and four lesser ships landed on Demerara without much opposition. France's detachments from the Regiment Armagnac, 335 men from the 1st Legion Volontaires étranger de la Marine, launched an assault against the British garrison compelling Governor Robert Kinston and his regiment to surrender. As a result, Essequebo and Berbice also surrendereed to the French on 1 and 5 February.[10] Five Royal Navy auxiliaries were seized during this campaign: the 20-gun Orinoque of Commander William Tahourdin, 16-gun Barbuda of Commander Francis Pender, 18-gun Sylph of Commander Lawrence Graeme, 16-gun Stormont of Commander Christmas Paul, and 16-gun brig Rodney of Lieutenant John Douglas Brisbane.[11]
The Count de Kersaint became governor of the three rivers and their settlements and inhabitants. To guarantee their conquest, the French began to erect forts at the mouth of the Demerara River, one on its eastern, the other on its western bank, and for that purpose compelled the planters to furnish slave labour; they like wise doubled the capitation-tax, all which innovation was severely felt by the colonists, who saw no end to their troubles. The peace of Paris, which occurred in 1783 restored these territories to the Dutch.[12] When Demerara surrendered to the French, the British naval commander being at that place signed the capitulation. Gov. Kingston's proposals for terms contained the following rather singular proposition:
| “ | "The Lieut.-Gov. for himself requires, that not having troops with him, he may be considered in a civil capacity, and at liberty to join and do duty with his Britannic Majesty's 28th Regt., of which he has the honor to be Lieutenant-Col."[13] | ” |
To this the following answer was returned:
| “ | "Lt.-Gov. Kingston having retired himself to his Britannic Majesty's squadron, from whence he has made his particular proposals which were rejected, I cannot but consider him in a military capacity, jointly with the commander of the squadron."[14] | ” |